Essay on Risk and Rational Decision Process - 598 Words

1. Is a rational decision process likely to produce the best outcomes when a situation is risky or uncertain? Is an intuitive, behavioral process best used under risk or under certainty? Explain. 1. During the rational decision process, I feel that an uncertain situation is better. The decision maker may not know all the alternatives, the risks associated with each, or the consequences of each alternative, however I feel that sometimes when you don’t know all the facts of something that you work harder to try and come up with the best solutions. Not having the answers can allow the decision making process to go many ways. Of course it will probably be harder for everyone to agree on things, seeing as they don’t have and certain answers,†¦show more content†¦I think that everyone wants to follow their own instincts, even if it may not be the best decision. This is why most companies have groups of people that all had to make the decision together. Like I said in question 1, sometimes one person’s intuition is different from the people that they are working with. Of course when using intuition sometimes a person’s rationality and, logic are missing. Using intuition now might seem like a good idea, but sometimes in the long run it can end up in disaster. 3. Reconsider the case presented in question 2. How might the company make use of EMB in making its decision? 3. The company could use EMB by using â€Å"Fact based evidence† to gather all the evidence or facts to help them choose the right product. Instead of using intuition they would use solid facts and evidence that they gathered form learning and experience. They can use their experience to help guide them in the right direction. Choosing the right product should be based off of experience and knowledge. They should look at all of the risks, and draw backs of each product when making the final decision. The company needs to choose the product that will help the company in the long run, and do well in the market. The use to EMB instead of intuition may help then more because they aren’t following there gut instincts, they are making the decision based of cold hardShow MoreRelatedMaps Of Bounded Rationality : Psychology For Behavioural Economics960 Words   |  4 Pagesintuitive thinking and how it guides our decision-making. Although primarily aimed at the field of psycho logy, it is an interdisciplinary article with applications in economic theorising. Kahneman attempts to differentiate between two systems of thought, one of intuition (system 1) and one of reasoning (system 2), and argues that many judgements and choices are made intuitively, rather than with reason (a slower and more deliberate process). Intuitive decision making, which encompasses heuristics, althoughRead MoreThe Rational Thinking Is Very Powerful Word1464 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The Rational Thinking is very powerful word as it help us in making a decision which is appropriate. As in rational thinking there is logical and reasonable thinking and the decision maker is free from all the restriction such as sentiment. So the decision is made on the basis of original facts and knowledge not on the sentiment. As all the people have the ability to make the logical decision to every problem but they face a sentiment due to which they usually take decision without thinkingRead MoreThe Psychological Study Of Decision Making Began After Theories1306 Words   |  6 PagesThe Psychological study of decision making began after theories were introduced in order to understand an individual’s thought process when faced with decisions. The aim of these theories were to examine whether or not humans are rational decision makers by introducing probabilities and the evaluation of risk. This essay will evaluate The Expected Utility Theory, The Prospect Theory and other potential influences to decision making. As well as state both the strengths and weaknesses of them, in orderRead MoreImportance Of Complex Business Environments And Its Role Within Executive Leader Decision Making1152 Words   |  5 PagesChapter One: Rational Decision-Making in Complex Business Environments There are many obstacles executive leaders need to overcome when presented with the challenge of effective decision-making in a business environment. These obstacles include multiple alternatives available to a problem that have a high probability of a successful outcome, the inability to determine the successful outcome of a decision, lack of information available to formulate a decision, irrelevancy of past practice as a guideRead MoreDifferent Crime Scripts Of Acquaintance And Decision Making Processes Adopted By Offenders1534 Words   |  7 Pageslargely unreported, sexual offending by adult acquaintances is a highly prevalent crime (Silva, 2004). This review will look at how crime scripts , through a rational choice perspective, aids in the situational prevention of crime. Furthermore, it will analyse the literature concerning this crime, identifying the modus operandi and decision making processes adopted by offenders, defining the different crime scripts of acquaintance rape illustrated in previous empirical literature. This review willRead MoreThe Simulation Exercise On Foreign Policy Essay1250 Words   |  5 Pagesstudents how to make decisions in the U.S foreign policy. The members of the cabinet are instructed by the president to use one model in their decision making process. The secretaries follow a Bureaucratic Politics model, each Cabinet member instructed to make a particular decision based on his/her organizational agendas. The President is free to follow whatever process he find it appropriate. Several situation updates during the exercise according to the crisis atmosphere of the decision making. In theRead MoreThe Contributions Of The Endowment Effect Essay1600 Words   |  7 Pagestheory provided new insight into the decision-making process, and went further than previous theory, the utility theory, to explain how decisions are made. Tversky and Kahneman describe prospect theory as a decision between gains and losses, or prospect and gam bles as it is referred to in their 1979 paper. With every choice we make there are probabilities of losing and probabilities of gaining. In terms of gaining, prospect theory states that people are risk averse. This means that when there areRead MoreDecision Making Of A Public Policy929 Words   |  4 PagesDecision-making in Public Policy has evolved into two camps: the camp that favors decision-making based more on techniques derived from mathematics, economics, and management science; and the camp that favors decision-making based more on politics. The former is often referred to as ideal decision-making, while the latter is referred to as real decision-making. Decision-making in management science is taking into account suppositions that complex issues can be broken down into littler parts thatRead MoreRationality Vs. Rational Rationality1257 Words   |  6 Pages(comprehensive) plans. This seemingly rational model, however, does not always guarantee that we make the rational choice. Argued by Ernest Alexander, rationality in planning implies that valid assumptions are made based on analyzing all relevant informations.(Brooks 2002) However, neither ‘valid assumptions’ nor ‘all relevant informations’ is likely to be accessible in a real world scenario. In a democratic society, public engagement is an inevitable step in the planning process. Especially in the U.S., mostRead MoreUsing Tools For Decision Making1447 Words   |  6 PagesUsing Tools for Decision Making Organizations and its employees have to make decisions on a daily basis. Regardless of the organizational level - from the CEO to the receptionist – at some point in their careers most employees are faced with an organizational or personal dilemma. Whether the situation is personal or professional, individuals should first identify the root cause of the dilemma as part of the decision-making process; verify the real problem before attempting to generate a solution

New England As A Refuge For Puritans Essay - 1984 Words

Each group of early English settlers brought its own set of values and aspirations to the Americas. In various regards, some were more successful than others in establishing and maintaining their desired way of life. In building my own colony, I would seek to ensure the greater good rather than give in to the corruptive influence of materialistic desires. Colonial America can be divided into three distinct regions of concern: New England, the Middle Colonies, and the South. New England was a region with some aspirations of profit, but these aspirations were largely overshadowed by a desire to reform or purify English religion. Massachusetts was founded by John Winthrop as a refuge for Puritans escaping persecution. The Puritans were successful in promoting education, creating a sense of social cohesion, establishing a centralized form of government, and fostering a strong work ethic. However, the Puritans were limited by their demand for uniformity and assimilation. Only members of t he Church, male members specifically, had any decision-making power. Religious fervor readily fed into hysteria when others failed to engage in traditional practices or beliefs, leading to many exiles and even death. The Puritans also failed to pass on their ideals to future generations. Younger Puritans did inherit a strong sense of work ethic, but it was more oriented towards profit than proving their salvation. The colony thus could not achieve its long term goals. Rhode Island was founded byShow MoreRelatedColonial New England and Religious Tolerance Essay881 Words   |  4 PagesColonial New England and Religious Tolerance Throughout the seventeen hundreds, thousands of immigrants came to the New England region, seeking refuge from European persecution. These early colonist yearned for a domicile were they could indulge in religious freedom, a heavy contrast to the strict religious persecution they experienced in their native countries. Aspirations such as these hold the initial sentence in the statement: â€Å"The New England colonies were founded upon the promiseRead MoreImpact of the English Reformation and the Restoration on the English Colonies1729 Words   |  7 Pagespolitical and religious identity in all of Europe, and England in particular, gave rise to the English Reformation and subsequently the Restoration era in the 16th and 17th centuries. While the onset of both the English Reformation and the Restoration era had a prominent impact on the colonies in the New World in regards to religious freedom, they differed in that the Restoration Colonies were embarked upon and driven by economic hunger. In England, clashes between Catholics and Protestants, broughtRead MoreTheme Of Nature Symbolism In The Scarlet Letter1016 Words   |  5 Pageswriter contrasting the Puritan view and critiquing Puritan life. 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The colonies were mostly autonomous and part of the South Atlantic System, which brought them economic growth. Colonies to Empire, 1660 - 1713 England governed its colonies loosely before 1660, but after 1660, when the monarch was brought back, England tried to reinforce order in the colonies and allied with Native Americans to fight against other European countries. The Restoration Colonies and Imperial Expansion Charles II (reigned 1660 - 1685)Read MoreThe American Colonies : How They Shaped Societies And Politics1242 Words   |  5 Pagespractice their beliefs openly without detriment of some sort. The New World was new and had endless possibility and opportunity to get away from such oppression and pursue a life free from prosecution. Granted there was also money to be made and competition with Spain and France to discover the New World which made it promising for the wealthy and aristocrats to invest also. 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Digital Marketer Model Communication Industry †MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Digital Marketer Model : Communication Industry. Answer: Introduction This report focuses on the application of relevant marketing concepts by special F1 collection- product advertised in a luxatic blog by Ray-Ban and Scuderia team. It is a racetrack product meant to give an experience of an F1 excitement will lower chances of injury. The main focus of this report is stipulated on a number of activities including; steps in writing a marketing plan, SWOT and competitor analysis, mission, financial and marketing objectives of the product launched, formulation of a marketing strategy with an emphasis on digital marketing and communication plan, current action plans designed to achieve the set objectives, and lastly implementation and control of the marketing plan. Application of these concepts is meant to positively favor marketing strategy and digital communication which widens the market field thereby creating a reliable and steady market for F1 collection-product. F1 collection is a product unveiled by Ray-Ban and Scuderia Ferrari team. It is aimed at giving a good rush as same as that of a racetrack. It is designed with a high art of technology. The team is meant to apply the marketing concepts such as marketing business plan and promotion services to be highly competitive and fit in the marketing field. Its model is also meant to reach a target of funs such as Italian Formula 1 team. To achieve this, following the marketing concepts and proposed ideas is very significant to the achievement of the set goals. A marketing plan is a document that outlines a business effort in marketing and advertising for a given year. It describes business engagements and activities involved in the achievement of the set objectives, within a set limit of time. The following are steps that guide a marketing plan (Disanza, 2016). Situation analysis: This refers to the outlook of a current state of a company. It includes an overview of strength, opportunity, and weakness of an organization. In the case of F1 collection-product, this analysis can be applied to assess the strongholds of the Ray-Ban and Scuderia team, identify a new opportunity to market the product and to analyze the challenges encountered (Westwood, 2010). Target audience: After identifying the target customer, it's good to write a description of the information gathered. Therefore, this concept can be applied in the case of marketing F1 collection product where a description of the audience of the target can be written down for reference. Marketing goals: This section includes drafting of marketing goals. That is inscribing what one expects to achieve. The goals should be measurable such that one can determine failure or success. Referring to the ad of the F1collection product in the luxatic blog, this is applicable where goals of achieving the best design of F1 collection product can be drafted and measured to determine whether they would be achievable or not. Strategies and tactics: In this part of the plan, one determines the methods and relevant ways to advertise the products and identify outreach tools as well. In the ad of the F1 collection product, strategies such as advertising the product in different media can be applied. This can be done in conjunction with the identification of the correct outreach tool such as digital communication to ensure that the audience of target achievable. Marketing budget: This refers to the evaluation of the cost to be incurred while marketing one's products. The budget should display a good balance such that it can give a positive impact on sales and also conserve the startup fund (Steenkamp 2017). With the F1 collection-product marketing, the budget Evaluation is applicable where luxatic has been chosen to be the most convenient site for advert bringing forth a positive outcome and conserving the initial start fund. This combined analysis involves evaluating the market structure regarding strongholds, weaknesses, competition and opportunity gaps to have a firm stand in the market (Pherdamrod, 2016). Projecting to the F1 collection-product, the analysis can be applied. For example, the blog gives a hint of the team stronghold where it explains that the Ray-Ban and Scuderia Ferrari collection includes an exclusive package with a special Ferrari engraving feature that pleases fans from Italian formula 1 team. Regarding competition, analysis of the methods of advertisement by other teams and partnerships can be done to create an attractive, unique module of marketing. For example, the F1 collection product advert can be branded with unique titles such as the topmost luxurious F1 collection product. Such prominent titles are competitive and give a team a firm stands in the market. A mission is a statement that describes what an organization is willing to do to achieve a set objective. With the F1 collection product, there are some activities Ray-Ban and Scuderia Ferrari team can apply to achieve their objective, For example, securing clients payments, unique adverts, and digital communication such as online marketing, can define their mode of operation and catch attention from the audience of the target. Marketing and financial objectives achievable within six months of launching Marketing objectives are aims and target a team, or an organization is willing to achieve. Within the first six months of F1 collection-product launch, the following objectives can be achievable. Increase in sales is one of the marketing objectives where F1 collection product shift from small scale to large scale levels due to increased demand brought by uniqueness and improved quality of the F1 collection product in the luxatic blog. Secondly, within the six months of the product launch, there is a likely hood of targeting new customers. With the prominence of the advert in the luxatic blog and taste of the product by many customers, a chance to target new customers is applicable since as the product spreads the more, there is a likely hood to reach internal customers. Also, within the first six months of the product launch, building of brand awareness is achievable since many blogs can be joined with social sites such that people can like the advert pages and spread brand awareness. Financial objectives are monetary aims set by a team to be achieved within a given period. Within the first six months of the F1 collection- product launch, three financial objectives can be achievable. This includes the growth of revenues where profits rise with a given margin. It is applicable in F1 collection product in that; constant sales widen the market, therefore, influencing revenue collection. Secondly, a diversified revenue base is another financial objective a team can achieve within the first six months of product launch. In the case of the F1 collection- product a diversified revenue base can be achievable. To achieve it, the team should apply diversified marketing where the product is marketed in both local and international regions to reap maximum profits from these regions. Lastly is the growth of earnings where a team obtains income from different charges of the product. For example with the F1 collection product, delivery charges can be included in marketing which can also be merged by minimal charges implicated on after sale services. By applying this, high growth in earning is achievable within the first six months of the product launch. Marketing mix strategy and digital marketing communication plan Marketing mix strategy refers to set of critical methods of marketing which are controllable. A company or a team of businessmen use it to give the required response to the targeted market. It includes all activities that a company can do to facilitate demand for its products. For example, the marketing mix can be executed through, promotion of the product, pricing, and distribution of the product. In promotion, marketing communication methods and tactics, appear on the promoting heading. The promotion heading can consist of special offers, public relations, and animated advertising. With the F 1 collection product, this strategy can be applied. Where the promotion heading Ray-Ban and Scuderia Ferrari F1 collection includes other features such as fair trade and secure payment slides, animation of the F1 collection product pictures and communication strategies such seller-customer interface( Andrew, 2017). When it comes to pricing, the display price covers the stipulated final amount the user is expected to pay for the product. The pricing is usually standard such that its value to a customer and the seller is maintained as well. It can apply to the F1 collection- a product where the displayed price is customer friendly as well as profitable to the Ray-Ban and Scuderia- Ferrari team (Sexton 2016). Regarding place, it refers to the distribution of the product to reach the targeted customer. Placement of the product, guides on which channel is most suitable to distribute the product and also support other strategies concerning the marketing of the product (Barker 2014). This strategy applies to the F1 collection product where the choice of a channel for distribution is guided by the luxatic blog. Digital marketing communication plan is a marketing genre where marketing of products and services is communicated through technologies such as the internet, mobile phones, and street screen displays. The communication plan describes the objectives an organization wants to achieve through the information it sends. It is composed of tools of communication, the targeted recipients, and the goals to achieve (Killian, 2015). The use of this plan in F1 collection product can be applied where the Ray-Ban Scuderia Ferrari team can include the use of street screen display of the product and also advertise it in other blogs that include features such as E-commerce business. By doing this, the desired objective is achievable since the digital communication is equipped enough to reach all recipients of interest (Royle, 2014). Action programs designed to achieve marketing and financial objectives To achieve marketing and financial objectives, some action programs must be put in place. It includes details of a company describing tactics and strategies to use for the achievement of the marketing objectives (Mintz, 2013). A detailed mission statement is one of the action programs that need to be set properly to guide activities meant to take place to achieve the desired objective (Broady, 2013). For example, the mission statement should address three dimensions that is technology to be used, customer groups to be served, and customer needs to be addressed. These dimensions guide the activities to engage in by reminding each department of an organization what it oughts' to do in its daily activities to achieve the set objective. Combining these three dimensions result in the achievement of the main objective (Campbell, 2016).Applying this concept to the marketing of F 1 collection-product is achievable, where online marketing is the technology used.It can also be found that the customer group in the target are legend star drivers of the high model cars. Ray-Ban and Scuderia team also seems to address the need for racing cars. Advertising sales and promotion is another action program designed to achieve the marketing and financial objectives. On the other hand, advertising is a form of marketing communication which involves a the visual or audio display of the product on the sale through mechanisms such as broadcast notices. Sales and promotion involve creating awareness of the product in market through methods such as direct marketing and public relations (Mc Neil, 2015). Referring to the case of F1 collection product, advertising and promoting the product can create sales, whereby the awareness created in the blogs are prominent enough to attract potential customers. The luxatic blog has utilized this action by visual advert and appealing display concerning the F1 collection product. Therefore the financial and marketing objective is achievable (Wegen, 2016). Implementation and control of a marketing plan Implementation of marketing plan refers to the practice of an idea or a plan usually guided by a preliminary thinking to ensure the action in hand happens. Control of marketing pan, on the other hand, refers to the process of surveying the stipulated plan as it goes on and rectifying where necessary. Implementation and control of a marketing plan are actions which must ensure that the set objectives are achieved. The role of implementation as a function is always aimed at organizing and directing people by preparing set of activities and people responsible for them. For example to the F1 collection- product, Ray-Ban and Scuderia Ferrari team can delegate duties to marketing stuffs whereby they can carry activities such as roadshow promotions and organizing customer relations by educating them on the importance of using the product (Hollensen 2015). On the other hand, control of marketing plan involves some activities. To start with, it is aimed at evaluating and monitoring the marketing activities happening in a company. It also involves submission of records to the management gathered from deviations encountered in marketing. The process of implementation of marketing plan involves some activities. The strategy set by the managers must be very considerate to the utilization of resources, both human and material. It should also focus on proper use of the available capital. Regarding human resource, it should involve logical selection of personnel, engage training and evaluation of the employees. In the controlled marketing planning, the activity includes assessing the profit margin generated by the product and giving a recommendation of the finding. It also includes control of efficiency that is, ensuring maintenance of the intelligence possessed by the mangers and marketing executives (Mullin, 2014). Regarding the F1 collection product, Ray-Ban and Scuderia team should apply both control and implementation marketing plan strategy to enhance achievement of the set objective. Conclusion For a business to have a good prowess in marketing, it should try to apply marketing concepts proposed such as strategic marketing plan. Therefore the Ray-Ban and Scuderia Ferrari team should increase their engagement in these marketing concepts to enhance achievement of their objectives. References Andrews, J. C.(2017). Advertising, promotion, and other aspects of integrated marketing communications. Nelson Education, 777-880. Baker, M. J. (2014). Marketing strategy and management. Palgrave Macmillan, 12-20. Broady-Preston, J. (2013) Changing Marketing Concepts: Contemporary Theories and Paradigms in Services Marketing. Marketing Library and Information ServicesII:. Global Outlook, 23-42, 23-42. Campbell, A. . (2016). Mission and business philosophy. Elsevier, 104-115. DiSanza, J. R. (2016) Business and professional communication: Plans, processes, and performance. Pearson, 78-99. Wegen, W. C. (2016). The Use of Sina Weibo and Twitter by International Luxury Hotels. Tourism. Culture Communication, 16(3), 137-145. Hollensen, S. (2015) Marketing management: A relationship approach. Pearson Education., 89-71. Killian, G. . (. 2015). A marketing communications approach for the digital era: Managerial guidelines for social media integration. Business Horizons, 58(5), 539-549. McNeil, A. J. (2015). Quantitative risk management: Concepts, techniques and tools. . Princeton university press, 13-14. Mintz, O. . (2013). What drives managerial use of marketing and financial metrics and does metric use affect performance of marketing-mix activities?.. Journal of Marketing, 77(2), 17-40. Mullin, B. J. (2014). Sports Marketing 4th Edition. Human Kinetics., 445-446. Phadermrod, B. C. (2016). Importance-Performance Analysis based SWOT analysis. International Journal of Information Management., 112-118. Royle, J. . (2014). The digital marketing skills gap: Developing a Digital Marketer Model for the communication industry. International Journal of Information Management, 34(2), 65-73. Sexton, D. E. (2016). The Relationship of Marketing and Finance. Accountable Marketing: Linking Marketing Actions to Financial Performance, 137-140. Steenkamp, J. B. . (2017). Global Marketing Mix Decisions: Global Integration, Not Standardization. In Global Brand Strategy. Palgrave Macmillan UK., (pp. 75-109). Westwood, J. (2010) How to write a marketing plan. Kogan Page Publishers., 50-62.

Symbolism In ‘The Glass Menagerie’ Essay Research Paper Example For Students

Symbolism In ‘The Glass Menagerie’ Essay Research Paper I have a poets weakness for symbols. So states Tom Wingfield, narrator and major character in Tennessee Williams timeless play The Glass Menagerie. Through the eyes of Tom, the viewer gets a glance into the life of his family in the pre-war depression era; his mother, a southern belle desperately clinging to the past, his sister, a young woman too fragile to function in society, and himself, a struggling young poet working at a warehouse to pay the bills. Williams, through his remarkable use of symbols, is able to effectively express the theme of The Glass Menagerie : That of hopeful aspirations followed by inevitable disappointment, having dreams which are destroyed by the harsh realities of the world. We will write a custom essay on Symbolism In ‘The Glass Menagerie’ Research Paper specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Symbols are a major part of this play, as Tom, the narrator, is a poet, and admits he has a weakness for symbols. One major symbol presented in the story is that of the fire escape, a symbol that has a different meaning and function for each character. For Tom, it is a means of escape from fire, not the type of fire that was considered in its building, but the slow and implacable fires of human desperation. This is especially true of Toms apartment. His mother, devastated after her daughter Lauras failure to cope in business college, becomes obsessed with finding her a gentleman caller so that she can marry and be well supported. When this caller finally comes, and it seems like it was meant to be, as they dance and kiss, he announces he is engaged, and dashes their hopes. The ever-fragile Laura, temporarily drawn out of her dream-world shell of her glass collection and the victrola, draws further back into herself. Now a terrible desperation fills the apartment, and Tom decides he m ust escape the suffocating environment to follow his own calling. The fire escape to him represents a path to the outside world. For Laura, the fire escape is exactly the oppositea path to the safe world inside, a world in which she can hide. Especially symbolic is Lauras fall when descending the steps to do a chore for her mother, after leaving the security of the apartment. This fall symbolizes Lauras inability to function in society and the outside world. For Amanda, the fire escape is symbolic of her hopes and dreamshopes and dreams that a gentleman caller will arrive to marry her daughter and leave her well supported. This is the way Jim comes into the apartment, at the time when Amandas hopes have been peaked. It is symbolic that Laura does not want to open the door when Jim arrives. It shows her reluctance to let an emissary from the world of reality, symbolized by Jim, invade the comfortable non-existence of the apartment, and her insecurity in dealing with the outside world . Another recurring symbol in the story is that of the glass menagerie itself. This represents Lauras hypersensitive nature and fragility. The first time the menagerie is mentioned in any detail in a symbolic manner is when Tom and Amanda have a heated argument near the beginning of the play. Tom ends it by calling Amanda an ugly babbling old witch, and struggles to put his jacket on, intent on leaving. When he cannot put the coat on properly, he becomes frustrated with his clumsiness, and flings it across the room, breaking some of the glass collection. Laura cries out as if wounded. This shows how fragile Laura really is, and how she reacts when even the small balance of her apartment is shifted. Williams also makes the use of this symbol apparent on stage. When Amanda sits down to discuss Lauras future with Tom, the legend Laura appears on screen, and the music that begins playing is The Glass Menagerie. The most prominent use of this symbol comes at the turning point of the story, when Jim is left alone with Laura. The conversation turns to Lauras glass collection, when she remarks glass is something you have to take good care of., again showing her fragility. More parallels are drawn between Laura and the glass collection with the introduction of the unicorn. Jim says Poor little fellow, he must feel

Handel Essays - Operas, George Frideric Handel, Opera Seria, Messiah

Handel George Friedrich Handel was one of the most accomplished Baroque composers in his time. Born in Halle, Germany in 1685, he was the son of a wealthy barber who wanted his son to become a lawyer. However, he displayed such musical aptitude with the harpsichord, organ, oboe, counterpoint and fugue, he became an assistant with Friedrich Zachav, organist of the cathedral of Halle. However, Handel entered the University of Halle, but quickly withdrew, and left for the University of Hamburg, to study music. In 1706, Handel journeyed to Italy to further enhance his music. While there, he was greatly influenced by Alessandro Scarlatti and Arcangelo Corelli. Then in 1710, Handel was appointed "Kapellmeister," or Musical Director, to the Elector of Hanover, and received a commission to write an opera for London. Italian opera was all the rage in London, and Handel's soon became a quick success. However, Handel greatly longed for being in England, and returned in 1712. London provided a generous audience for Handel, and from 1712 to 1741 he produced thirty-six operas. In 1713, Te Deum and a Jubilate was performed by Handel at St. Paul's Cathedral, London, to celebrate the Peace of Utrecht. Queen Anne also granted Handel a handsome lifetime pension of two hundred pounds per year. Including Water Music, for George I, which was first performed in 1715 on the Thames at London. While most of Handel's operas were based on either historical, mythological, or legendary subjects, Serse, was one of his rare endeavors into comedy. Handel's operas were all sung in Italian, and adhere to the musical conventions of the day. There is little use of choruses or large ensembles, since one of the main objectives of this genre, called ?opera seria,' is the demonstration of vocal ability by individual singers. Also, for 18th century audiences, the main attraction in Handel's operas lay in the incredible feats of the ?castrati,' male singers whose soprano voices had been surgically preserved from childhood. These artists combined the soprano voices of women and the lung power of men, producing singers whose vocal feats became legendary. In England, Handel tried to start opera companies on a number of occasions, but these attempts to become a music executive failed miserably. On account the gradual decline in popularity of Italian opera in England, Handel turned to writing oratorios, which became the preferred taste. These works, sung in English, take their texts from the Bible. Handel's most famous oratorio, his best-known work in any genre, is Messiah, written in 1742. In addition to operas and oratorios, he wrote passions, secular choral pieces, anthems, cantatas, chamber sonatas, harpsichord suites, concerti, and orchestral pieces. Beyond composition, Handel was the first the real businessman in the world of music. He had a hand in organizing opera companies, obtaining financial support, and finding singers. He was also in constant demand at parties where he entertained guests with his lusty personality and exceptional abilities the keyboard. Of all composers, Handel was probably the most esteemed and appreciated in his own time. He rose to a position of the highest eminence in the musical world. His oratorios were the toast of the country, and of the continent as well. Toward the end of his life, Handel was plagued by ill health. From 1753, he was totally blind, though this did not stop his activities altogether. He died in 1759, and was buried with full state honors in Westminster Abbey. Bibliography "Classics World Biography: George Frederich Handel." 1997:Online. Internet. October 4 1998. Available WWW: http:://classicalmus.com/composers/handel.html Brimhall, John. My Favorite Classics. Miami Beach, FL.: Chas. H. Hansen Music Corp., 1969. "Handel, George Frideric." The Concise Columbia Encyclopedia. 1995.

Hidden Threads Essays - Hermeneutics, Continental Philosophy

Hidden Threads Essays - Hermeneutics, Continental Philosophy Hidden Threads There was a time, not long ago, when the evangelical commu-nity had considerable consensus on lifestyle questions and socialissues. We generally agreed on what we should eat and drink and how we might spend our weekends. There was little debate over definitions of vulgarity or morality, and questions of fashion were rarely a matter for discussion. In those days, everyone knew how a family should be raised, and aberrations such as divorce and abortion were simply that: problems found only among hose outside the fold. All of that has changed. Today there is considerable disagreement on such questions, and where there is not disagreement, there is often a reluctant silence or unwillingness to enter into discussion on these questions. The problem is complicated by the fact that these issues do not always fall neatly into those familiar gaps found among genders, generations, and geographies. Too often we find uneasy disagreement among parishioners or even among clergy in the same denomination. Similarly, tensions are found among teenagers or among parents and not simply between those two groups. In each case where such tensions exist, clear biblical and objective bases for evaluating our modern society are usually not found. Consequently, theological answers to these questions have generally not been helpful. That is not to say we should expect them to be. Much of the difficulty in dealing with contemporary social issues can be attributed to modernity with its tendency to pose problems that all outside of theological answers . Theology is designed to defend the faith and not to interpret modern culture or to help the believer live in it. It is the province of social science to understand modernity and to explain how it affects all of us. Theology cannot be expected to interpret the impact of computers on modern life any more than social science can be expected to explain the Trinity. What theology can do is to elucidate those universal principles given to us by God that social science may then interpret for modern living. My claim is that modern life has re-defined many of the practices that theology traditionally addressed. State lotteries, for example, have defined gambling in ways unfamiliar to theology. The revocation of blue laws concerned with Sunday openings has challenged the traditional meaning of the Sabbath. In a modern economy, the biblical meaning of poverty differsgreatly from the meaning found today. In each of these cases, traditional biblical interpretations do not address the questions experienced today. Consequently, there is a lag in theological thinking when contemporary social issues fall outside the boundof traditional theological answer. Our problem is to locate some common ground where theology and social science can join forces, some bridge between biblical truth and the application of that truth to modern social problems. I would argue that concepts found in scripture as well as in social science form a common, hermeneutical base for the analysis of modern social issues. Referred to here as hidden threads, these concepts tie together, so to speak, the meaning God intended us to find in the world with meaning as we find it today. What is the meaning in the modern marriage that is faithful to God's plan and what has been added by humans? What is the meaning of money that God would have us keep and what modern thinking should be discarded? These questions can only be answered when theology and social science join forces. The harmful impact made by modernity on society and Christian thought justifies such an approach. To support that claim, I intend in this paper to: l) clarify the crises posed by modernity, 2) develop the conceptual foundation referred to here as hidden threads as it relates to these crises, and 3) encourage the development of a hermeneutic which benefits from the interpretations offered by theology and social science. Crisis of Meaning Much of traditional life was governed by the belief that society's rules and norms were appropriate for governing human relationships and were worthy of respect, if not full acceptance. Developments in Western culture over the past 30 years or so have reversed much of this belief and substituted the notion that people shape rules as they interact. Instead of fitting relationships into normative expectations, those relationships

Law of Succession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Law of Succession - Essay Example The witness must not only sign at the bottom of each page but also in the place indicated as â€Å"witness to sign† along with name, address, occupation, the date and the place. (www.wills-scotland-co.uk0. n this case ,Harold should sign the Will at Maria’s office or at Barbaras house and both the witnesses namely Barbara and her husband Paul should sign the Will immediately after Harold, and they should not leave the room before the signing the Will. Further , Barbara and Paul should not sign at the back of the will and should sign at the bottom of each page but also in the place indicated as â€Å" witness to sign† along with name , address , occupation , the date and the place. Only two. Both the witnesses must be present at the same time when a testator signs the Will. In Re Bravda (1968), it was held that where the Will was witnessed by four witnesses and two of them were beneficiaries and hence the Will was declared as void. (www.funtriva.com). Revocation of a Will includes rules relating to how a valid Will is made unmade or invalid. Section 18 and 20 of the Wills Act 1837 deal with revocation of a Will. However, in case of any dispute, the courts will interpret the rules which offer some quiet challenge and interest in the subject. It is normally revoked ipso facto due to a latter or subsequent marriage. Section 18(1) of the Wills Act 1837 states that though a voidable marriage makes a Will invalid but a void marriage does not revoke a will as held in Re Roberts.1 Under Wills Act 1963, the second instrument is effective to cancel the first Will, if the second Will adheres with any law concerning the legality of the first one, though not effective by the law concerning its own validity. (Collier & Collier 275). In general, a revocation clause will cancel all earlier testamentary aspirations, If intended or worded to act so, but may not be effective if a divergent intention is apparent as

Fundamentals of Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fundamentals of Economics - Essay Example Aside from prices, there are a host of factors that may either push for an upward or downward effect on the volume of demand or supply exerted towards the market. Among the determinants for demand include taste and preference of consumers, income level of consumers, availability of substitute products, and population. For supply, the determinants include, but are not limited to, production cost, taxes and subsidies, number of producers or suppliers, available technology, and prices of substitutes. Applying some principles in marketing, demand can further be described or categorized as latent demand, and effective demand. While consumers may want to have a number of units of a particular commodity constituting the latent demand for that commodity, only consumers who have the capacity to pay for that commodity at a price level producers are willing to supply will constitute the effective demand. Elasticity, on the other hand, can be simply defined as the degree of change on the volume of demand or supply of a particular product in relation to changes in the behavior of its determinants. For example, a product that has an elastic demand is a product whose volume or quantity being demanded in the market has increased tremendously due to a lower tag price offer in the market. At the same time, such product with elastic demand would have a tremendous decrease in volume of quantity demanded should its price suddenly becomes a bit more than what it previously offered to the market. In other words, elasticity can be described or defined as the degree of changes in the volume of quantity demanded or supplied given the degree of changes in its determinants. Elasticity determined by changes in prices has been referred to as price elasticity, as shown in the example that has been mentioned above. Demand or supply behavior that

Why is the fiction important to our non-fiction world Essay

Why is the fiction important to our non-fiction world - Essay Example p inherent within the values that the non-fiction works advocate and thus it provides for strong reasoning that the non-fiction writing works are generally more open to debate and criticism than the fiction texts. In this non-fiction world, the society plays a great role at changing the way fiction is taken and studied at the same time. There is a sense of pessimism related with fiction as it reflects barely upon the society and its criticism which is more or less a pictorial representation of stating the facts and truths as and when they unfold. Fiction essays and pieces of criticism look to solve the maze that develops within a reader’s mind from time to time. Since he is fed with so much information and data on his side, he is unaware of the glorified ways that his life can turn into with the reading of fiction by his side. They seem to hide within the walls of fiction and remain on the backburner of different issues for most of the instances. (Ziolkowski, 1997) The reader goes in a deep cave, away from the practicalities of life and finds an escape route within fiction. What this offers is the other side of the truth. Fiction essays provide mystery, romance and so much more to the idle mind, which is also idealistic in nature. Literature has left an indelible impression on the minds of the common people within the society, be it in the form of fiction or non-fiction. Literature has opened up avenues of the thought process and has given them insight on different subjects, events, situations and generally about people. What is now reality seemed to be a craving in the distant past since literature was not easily accessible by the commoners and they had to pay for it to make it their own. Fiction has seemed to play a pivotal role within the world realms as it presents the ‘other’ side of the world in a way. It makes people look ideal from an irrational setting. They become super-humans as a matter of fact. Thus fiction portrays the desires and cravings of

Responsibility for Health in New Zealand

Responsibility for Health in New Zealand The government has an important role in promoting health care, thus, the people are so lucky for being a citizen of New Zealand. Health is number one priority so the society has a continuing research to be able to provide the best health care to all the New Zealanders. Responsibility for health The responsibility for good health is a give and take process. It is a collaborative procedure between the New Zealanders and the society they belong. The people should broaden their minds about health care so as to avoid any kind of illness which will endanger their lives. Many of the citizens in New Zealand ask for medical assistance in order to make them well. That is one of the reasons why the government provides education for safe sex, urban planning, drug addiction, among others. The country has a public health institution that will advise those sick people not to be in contact with healthy individual to avoid contamination and spread of diseases. Every individual has its own way of taking care of their own health. One factor for this is their lifestyle. The New Zealanders have different lifestyle and so different illness or diseases contribute to the problem of health care in the country. It is true that everyone takes care of his health but the society has his on share to give medication to the people. Many are not well informed of the consequences of their daily routine or lifestyle, like the effect of smoking both to the smoker and the people around him, of not eating a well-balanced meal even the effect on the body of those who always work on a graveyard shift. The society got a responsibility over the health of every individual. And so proper dissemination of prevention of illness and promote good health should be done by the society particularly the government to help individual take care of themselves. There are many factors affecting the health of an individual like pollution, drug addiction, sanitation, food, water, health awareness and the spread of communicable diseases. The government have a thorough research on the prevention of diseases because the society believes that it would be easier for the individual to know what they should do to prevent diseases in order to lessen the pains and suffering on the part of the patient. All the people in New Zealand will be benefited, not only the sick ones. The urban planning is a nice strategy of the government to promote health care to the citizenry. Here, the people are given the options to have healthy choices for transportation and to avoid means of transportation that would be detrimental to his or her health. In urban planning, people likewise shall have a good recreation centers where they could engage in sport activities or do any of their preferred recreational activities. In addition, a good planning shall likewise provide the population of the work or job they would engage in that would not endanger their health. As what was said earlier, that it is a collaborative process, the people should be responsible of their own respective health and pay for their own health care. The responsibility of the society is to maintain and promote good health to every citizen and to provide financial support for the health maintenance in the country. Everyone knows that personal responsibility contributes much for a better health care. The p eople especially in the rural areas should be well informed on personal hygiene and the importance of cleanliness of the environment. Sanitation and cleanliness are great factors for a sound mind and body. The physical environment is also a contributory for good health. The government agencies prohibits any acts of pollution affecting the health of people. Pollution affects the lungs especially for the most vulnerable ones, the young kids and the old ones. Food is one of the needs of the body that everyone should know the right kind of food in order to have a healthy body. The government with the help of all health care providers shall see to it that healthy foods should be made available all the time so as to prevent the high rate of diseases related to diet and food intake in the country. To achieve this, people should be informed of the good effects of eating healthy foods and to discourage people to eat unhealthy foods. In view of this, all efforts of the government to promote health and improve health care, the people must be responsive and to take responsibility to take care of their own health. Health care is a global priority because all citizens in the society are after their health. Health institutions in New Zealand shall give special attention to health care for the benefit of all its people. Education and training Policy on education and training play a very vital role in the prevention and cure of illness and diseases. The policy on these must be prioritized to ensure achievement of a health society. The society and the family have their own respective roles to achieve the balance for health care insofar as education and training are concerned. The society includes among others, the government. The government should take a lead in educating and disseminating information pertaining to health care. It must set laws and rules which the population shall obey and abide. As the government enforces its laws, it must have programs that are acceptable and applicable to any type of sectors of the society. This would help the people to adapt easily and apply in their respective families and ultimately becomes routinary. All of this endeavour of the government must be supported by the private sectors. Extensive education, training and re-training by the government are futile without the cooperation of people. Everyone must be receptive with the laws and rules set by the government. It is the people that would transcribe the law into policy. Families, which are the basic unit of the society, have the greatest responsibility in the achievement of the goal. Each member has a responsibility to teach the whole family one way or another. Other members of the society that could be influential to these would be the schools, health care providers and the church. Upon the enforcement of the laws and cooperation of everybody, there shall be changed in the behaviour of the individual and eventually of the society and country to achieve such balance. Business regulations combining work and care giving As part of the implementation of the program of the government to achieve balance of responsibility for health care of the society and family, all work places must have regulations that combines work and care giving. Offices must have facilities that would allow employees to perform their duties as parents especially for their needy children. A common example of this is breastfeeding areas for nursing mothers. The office shall have a private place to allow nursing mothers to express milk for their newly born babies. Practices like this would encourage mothers to breastfeed their babies and providing them breastmilk, which are far more beneficial for the newborn babies than any other commercially prepared milk, thus, promoting good health. Strict implementation of such policies likewise needs the cooperation and involvement of everybody to help achieve the balance of responsibility for health care between society and family. Tax benefits and payments to caregivers In order to encourage all caregivers to provide a quality healthcare and to entice people to pursue a career as caregivers, there should be a good and steady tax benefits and payments for caregivers as one of their incentives. The government shall take a lead role for the implemention of this. The private sector shall only apply such rule if there is a strong political will. Once these policy intervention solutions mentioned above are established, we could be assured of the achievement of an equal responsibility for health care between the society and family. Conclusion Taking care of oneself, help of the government and the care of the caregivers is a collaborative way of having a healthy individual in the society. If everyone help each other and not blaming is a very wise thing to do. We cannot control or change the so many factor of contributing to bad health but if we do our part in making our community a healthy one then we should accept and take responsibility that we are liable to our own health and everyones health.

The Cultural Identity Within Asian Writing Systems Essay -- Cultural Id

The Cultural Identity Within Asian Writing Systems The style of Asian writing seems to be completely different from that of the western writing systems. For starters, many western languages are phonetic: words are spelled out with symbols that represent sounds. The way that a word looks has nothing to do with the meaning of the word. On the other hand, the most recognized form of Asian writing, Chinese characters, are completely pictographic. A single character is correlated to one sound or meaning. To convey more complicated meanings, pictographs are either combined into new pictographs, or multiple characters are simply used in succession. The meaning of words is depicted through pictographs, but for the most part, there is no information about their pronunciations. Asian and western languages appear so different because they had evolved in isolation from each other for hundreds of years. However, the evolution of each group of languages is similar. Whether Asian or western, languages borrow from each other and evolve toge ther when they are in close quarters. Chinese, Japanese, and Korean are perfect examples of languages that have evolved together because they are spoken in countries that are so close together. Their cultures are also arguably similar when compared to western cultures. All three have used Chinese characters exclusively as their writing system for a period of time and parts of the Korean and Japanese vocabularies are actually derived from Chinese. Up until a few hundred years ago, the three written languages have developed quite closely. But in the present day, the three systems appear to have taken very different evolutionary paths. The Korean language has developed a phonetic alphabet syste... ...se Writing System. 20 July 2001. Kanji Dictionary Publishing Society. 20 Apr. 2004 <http://www.kanji.org/kanji/japanese/writing/outline.htm>. Katsiavriades, Kryss. KryssTal:Language Page. Amazon, Britannica. 20 Apr. 2004 <http://www.krysstal.com/language.html>. Laugk. "Chinese hostages to their writing system: A case for simplification and reform." China Daily 7 Feb. 2004. 20 Apr. 2004 <http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-02/07/content_304083.htm>. Noll, Paul. History of the Chinese Language. 25 Mar. 2004. 20 Apr. 2004 <http://www.paulnoll.com/China/Culture/language-history.html>. Ohak-Yonku. "Formation of Korean Alphabet." Language-Research Sept. 1987: 527-537. "Types of Writing Systems." AncientScripts.com. 20 Apr. 2004 <http://www.ancientscripts.com/ws_types.html>. Usaburo, Shimizu. "Hiragana." Meiroku Zasshi 1800s.

Change Management Plan and Communication Plan Essay

Workers react to change differently and often feel threatened by it. Reaction to workplace transformations usually manifests itself in one of three ways. There is proactive reaction that sees change as an opportunity to try new and improved things. Reactive workers resist change and try to keep things as they were. Inactive employees take the neutral position and straddle the fence watching the struggle between other employees. Older workers within the company tend to resist change because they want to do things the old way. Employees may feel a loss of identity. They may feel a loss of control. Workers also experience a loss of meaning, belonging, and even a loss of their future. Trying to make the changes seem positive does not erase the uncertainty, rumors, or the ambiguity (Jones, 2011). Managers should strategize on the best way to enforce any changes at Riordan Manufacturing. There should be some expectation of resistance in regard to any change. There should be time restraints and deadlines put into place. The changing process may affect deadlines until everyone is on task with the operational changes and new policies. Managers must plan ahead for any resistance at Riordan. Forming task teams that oversee each department affected by the changes over the next 12 months is one strategy that can prove useful. New goals and expectations as a result of the changes should be outlined and followed. There should be effective communication skills with floor managers and employees (Gul & Sahin, 2011). The process can run smoother if the employees at Riordan feel motivated, and teamwork encouraged. There will be employee evaluations over the next year to monitor the success or failure of the changes. New system changes, problems, and success will be determined weekly in a detailed report. The reports from the task team and the floor managers will determine the feasibility of the changes. Employees will be required to take assessments to ensure that they fully understand the new operations. New records will be maintained,  updated, and signed by each employee. Training and educational courses will be provided, including computer classes. References Gul, H., & Sahin, K. (2011). The Information Society and Public Employees Perception of Transformational Leadership. Selcuk University Social Sciences Institute Journal(25), p237-249. doi:64368178 Jones, T. (2011, January). Use Resistance to Enact Workplace Change. Business Journal Serving Fresno & the Central San Joaquin Valley, p.11. doi:10797394

Monopolies on patented prescription Drugs essays

Monopolies on patented prescription Drugs essays In the United States any person or organization can patent an invention or original concept for a period of 17 years during which time the idea or the product cannot be duplicated, manufactured or sold by anybody else other than the patent holder. Patenting has been sorely abused as many drug manufacturers have literally monopolized the market by obtaining patents for important life saving drugs. Patenting creates a monopolistic market scenario in which the patentee who enjoys a competition free market dictates the price of the drugs. Invariably these drugs are priced very high and it is the consumers who are affected the most. While we cannot neglect the fact that the patentee has spent millions of dollars in research and development of the drug we cannot totally ignore the consequences for the consumers as well. The swelling prices of prescription drugs are definitely forcing us to thinkover alternative options and importing cheaper drugs are certainly a choice to be considered. The government formulated the MEDSA (Medicine Equity and drug safety act) to facilitate the import of cheaper drugs from other countries but owing to safety considerations the act is yet to be enacted. There are arguments that the cost that will be incurred by FDA in testing and approving these gray goods would minimize any potential benefit for the U.S So with MEDSA yet to be implemented the domination of the monopolies continues. What's even more alarming is that Patentee's go out of the way to delay the generic drugs from coming to the markets. A case in example is Paxil' a drug that continues to earn huge profits for GlaxoSmithKline. The company has made serious infringements and has managed to freeze any competition by obtaining new patents for the various ingredients in the drug. Market statistics indicate that Paxil continues to earn $4.4 million ...

legalizing p.a.s essays

legalizing p.a.s essays Imagine you are in a permanent state of vegetation or that you have been diagnosed with an incurable disease that will inevitably lead to a painful death. No one would ever want to be in either of these situations. But what about those who already are? Must they continue to live an unpleasant and futile life? A large number of people would rather end their life than be stuck in that kind of situation. Those people would be contemplating what many know as physician-assisted suicide, or PAS. According to the American Geriatrics Society, PAS is when a physician provides either equipment or medication, or informs the patient of the most efficacious use of already available means, for the purpose of assisting the patient to end his or her own life,(AGS). Some common forms of PAS include, but are not limited to, withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatments and administering lethal doses of medication to induce death. Unfortunately, some arguments concerning how ethical i t is have caused people to overlook the benefits of the act, and view PAS in a more negative light. I have had a heightened curiosity about PAS ever since I watched a close friend of my family experience a slow agonizing death the last year of his life. He had to wait several months for a court date to determine whether or not his physician could practice PAS. He was taken away from us before the court date arrived. The question of ethics goes hand in hand with physician-assisted suicide. According to the American Medical Association (AMA) physician-assisted suicide is unethical on the grounds that actively ending a patients life is fundamentally incompatible with the physicians role as healer,(PCRM). Instead of aiding the suicide, the AMA feels that physicians must aggressively respond to the needs of the patients at end of life. However, the AMA also believes that if a competent patient or the famil...

Mobile telephone ( listening and reading, with vocabulary ) Assignment

Mobile telephone ( listening and reading, with vocabulary ) - Assignment Example In cases of emergencies such as accidents, mobile phones can be used to call the police. On the other hand, mobile phones also provide us with entertainment such as music or videos and they are also capable of storing a lot of data such as music videos, contacts as well as pictures. The mobile phones also have other applications such as word, spreadsheets, internet, alarm, camera, convertors and many other functions. As such, I chose this topic because mobile phones help us in different ways in our daily lives. 2 What was it about? Both the video and the article selected are about the importance of mobile phones in our lives. The video uses attractive pictures of the cell phones which show different models of phones available on the market. The video shows different types of cell phones and specific features about them and the article in particular outlines the important functions of cell phones. 3 Did you read or listen first? Why? Do you think the order you chose helped you or not? How many times did you need to read & listen before you felt confident about understanding the topic and vocabulary? How do you feel about this topic, e.g. positive or negative feelings? Do you agree/disagree with the ideas?† I listened and watched the video then proceeded to read the article. I repeated the process so as to get a clear understanding of the message presented in the article as well as the video clip as well. The vocabulary used in the video and the article is very simple. I did not find any new word that was confusing since the vocabulary used was easy to understand. I felt confident after reading the article and watching the video. This topic is very interesting and I have positive feelings about it given that some of us cannot live without cell phones. I have also discovered that cell phones have become an important part of our lives since we can use them to communicate or perform other work since they have many functions similar to computers. In the modern day, we use mobile phones to do a lot of things which are related to our work and social needs. I agree with the ideas suggested in the video and the article about the importance of mobile phones. 4. Did you learn anything new from this reading & listening? What? Since I also use a mobile phone on a daily basis, I did not learn anything new about this topic. 5. Was this topic connected in any way to your future studies and if so, how do you think you can find out more about it? Somehow, the topic is connected to my future studies since I use the mobile phone to perform a lot of functions such as researching different subjects related to my area of study. 6. What was easy/ difficult about it? The topic was easy to understand since the article was written in simple terms and was straight forward. The video also showed attractive images and it explained in detail the advantages of using a mobile phone in our lives. I realised that the mobile phones can enable us to reach people in diff erent parts of the world from anywhere. We use cell phones every day so I did not discover anything new about this topic. I can safely say that the topic was not difficult in any way. 7. Which was the more challenging aspect, the reading, or the listening? Why? There was nothing so challenging in reading the article and watching the video. The article in particular outlined more details that were clearly explained

Cyber Crimes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cyber Crimes - Essay Example The first of these that will be discussed is that of piracy. Although piracy has traditionally been viewed as a problem that is specific to a young generation of music down loaders and video game players, the fact of the matter is that the market for software, video, music, and data piracy has exploded within recent years and is a multi-billion dollar a year loss for the industries whose intellectual rights are being infringed upon. Moreover, if the firm in question is one that distributes or creates a software product, their overall revenues are in dire danger of being lowered as a result of the actions of pirates. Likewise, the firm must be aware of the fact that software piracy usually takes place from within first as an unscrupulous employee having access to the information in question usually is responsible for taking this information home on their own and uploading it to any number of a host of sites as a means of beginning the snow-ball effect of data piracy. As such, one of t he ways in which a firm can seek to ameliorate the way in which it is exposed to the risk of software piracy is to ensure that all data movements within the firm are well tracked as well as having a robust legal department that operates in close concert with the human resources department to ensure that limited numbers of the employees have access to the finished product and those that do are well accounted for and have been explained to the ramifications, both ethical and criminal, with relation to stealing the company’s product. Secondly, if the firm itself is not one that relies on the development of software as a means to earn its revenues, the firm will need to be responsible for the ways in which its employees download and utilize the data that they might find on the internet. For this reason, a robust internet usage policy must be delineated to the employees upon their employment and watch groups should be established to ensure that compliance is met at every step of t he process. The second issue that relates to cyber crimes is that of cyber terrorism. Although this is of course a lower level incidence than the one that has been thus far mentioned, it is of primary importance not only to governmental instruments but to the very foundations of a nation’s economy. Therefore, the threat of cyber terrorism can include any and all firms that deal with an entire litany of different industries and/or businesses. In order to guard against the threat of cyber terrorism, it should be the goal of the firms in question to seek to review their security policies in dept on a quarterly and yearly basis as a means of ensuring that key oversights are addressed and no blatant flaws are exhibited in their systems. Even though it is never possible to ensure that a given firm will be 100% secure from cyber terrorism, the engagement of key assets to review the security procedures is integral in protecting the firm from such an eventuality. Finally, this analysi s will discuss the threat of fraud. This is perhaps the easiest of the three to seek to prevent as it involves the instruction of shareholders with regards to how to interpret threats that present themselves on a daily basis. Furthermore, with respect to fraud, this is almost always the type of situation in which employee lack of knowledge

Module Four Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Module Four Assignment - Essay Example Further examination would provide the benefit of the doubt and confidence for the company in order to prevent unscrupulous steps toward hasty accusations and figure if reasonable grounds exist in justifying the case whether under Laura’s favor or otherwise. Additionally, Jeremy should consider having to consult the organization’s policies and seek counsel of the knowledgeable administration in the presence of all appropriate documents consisting of solid evidences which either confirm or nullify the deed in direct reference to falsification of employment information. Regardless of Laura’s current traits and working performance as an employee, however, Jeremy must keep in mind that in any context, both intention and action of an applicant to falsify his or her personal information duly agreed and signed to be disclosed under legal professional requirements by the employer is a grave offense. It should be understood to full measure as well that prevailing work conditions that take into account Laura’s remarkable professional attributes are by no means related to any mild or heavy offense committed by her during the stage of application. As a consequence, Jeremy ought to express in all honesty to Laura the truth regarding the company’s right to dismiss any employee found to have advanced deception and serious dishonesty on purpose. Breaking it slowly to her, Jeremy may first opt to establish a hint from which to initiate the conference with Laura so that the latter comes into a gradual and rational discernment of the delicate situation rather than struggle with the moment of abrupt revelation. Eventually, this gives opportunity for Laura to explain her side of the incident and realize in the process the gravity of her fault that deserves the equivalent sanction of dismissal from work. On the other hand, Jeremy must not fail to communicate to Laura how the company has

Psychology Homework Essay Example for Free

Psychology Homework Essay The argument I have chosen to use is one that was between my friends and I. It was the early hours of the morning and we were at a Jacuzzi party. We were discussing the topic of wages and how much those of us who worked were earning. We then started talking about football players and how they earn millions of pounds for doing a very unnecessary and over paid job; compared to people who offer a service for the country such as those in the NHS or the armed forces who spend all day risking their lives or saving other peoples. The two main points of the argument were: 1. ‘Yes, Footballers are over paid but that is the way it is and that’s how it fits into the national framework’ This point was shared by everyone in the argument, except one person 2. ‘Footballers are paid to much and it should be changed now! ’ This point was shared by one person The people who believed in point 1, myself included showed how their point was valid. They showed that even thought it is not morally right for footballers to earn that much money compared to the amount of work they do or in comparison to people in public services but that is the way it is and with out them Public services would not be able to run as easily. We showed this by explaining the national frame work. The money that is earnt by the footballers is taxed greatly, some as much as 40%, This money is then distributed between education, social security, the NHS and many other things. The other person was still on a one tracked mind that it was just wrong and should be changed. So we explained it again and after much persuasion he started to see things our way. He then started to change the argument and incorporated big companies such as McDonald’s and Nike. His point was that they employ people in under developed countries to work for them because it’s cheap labour and it allows them to make a massive profit margin. The whole group agree that this was wrong but being the well balanced young adults we are, we looked at both sides. Some of our outcomes were that even though to us it seems like an unacceptable wage, the people employed are at least employed. We went far beyond people in Asia and right to where we lived. To other people, 16 and 17 year olds being paid just over minimum wage to work long hours and do jobs other people would say no to, is fine by them. In fact, after this argument a lot of people involved realised it was about themselves. How ironic?

Letter from Sidney to Shakespeare: A Comparison of Two Sonnets :: 81 Play Essays

Letter from Sidney to Shakespeare: A Comparison of Two Sonnets My Dearest William, I have just returned from seeing your marvelous new tragedy Romeo and Juliet, and I wish to offer my sincere congratulations on another stupendous success! One particular passage from the play has stuck in my mind. In the first act, scene five, Romeo and Juliet exchange a dialogue about a kiss which is in the form of a sonnet. This reminded me of one of my own sonnets: Sonnet #81 of Astrophil and Stella. Your views on the subject of kissing are very interesting, and in many ways parallel my own. For instance, you compare kissing to a holy and prayer-like act, where as I compare it to a union of souls. There was one aspect of your sonnet that reminded me very much of my own. Your Juliet is very clever and quick-witted in speaking to the lovesick Romeo in the same way that my Stella is in her response to Astrophil. In your poem, Romeo believes he is being very clever, but Juliet consistently turns his quick-witted statements around on him. Romeo tries to flatter Juliet by calling her hand a â€Å"holy shrine† which he hesitates to â€Å"profane with [his] unworthiest hand† (Shakespeare, I.v.95-6). Juliet later insisted that he does not give himself enough credit: â€Å"you do wrong your hand too much† (I.v.99). Romeo compares his lips to â€Å"two blushing pilgrims† with which he offers to remedy his rough touch by giving her a kiss. This begins an extended metaphor of the relationship between saints, their supplicants, and in a roundabout way, God. As Juliet explains, pilgrims show their devotion when they appeal to saints in prayer. A â€Å"holy palmer’s kiss,† is a prayer, â€Å"palm to palm,† to the saint (I.v.102). In much the same way, Romeo places his hand together with Juliet’s hand in a sort of prayer. Romeo tries to use this analogy to his advantage by asking, â€Å"Have not saints lips, and holy palmers too?† (I.v.103). However Juliet replies to his apparent cleverness by explaining that both saints and pilgrims use their lips in prayer, not in simple kissing as Romeo is suggesting. Romeo then makes a last effort to obtain the kiss he desires. He calls her a saint, implying that he intends to be her pilgrim.

The Natural Approach Stephen Krashen’s Theory of Second Language

THE NATURAL APPROACH Stephen Krashen's Theory of Second Language Acquisition â€Å"Language acquisition does not require extensive use of conscious grammatical rules, and does not require tedious drill. † â€Å"Acquisition requires meaningful interaction in the target language – natural communication – in which speakers are concerned not with the form of their utterances but with the messages they are conveying and understanding. † â€Å"The best methods are therefore those that supply ‘comprehensible input' in low anxiety situations, containing messages that students really want to hear.These methods do not force early production in the second language, but allow students to produce when they are ‘ready', recognizing that improvement comes from supplying communicative and comprehensible input, and not from forcing and correcting production. † â€Å"In the real world, conversations with sympathetic native speakers who are willing to hel p the acquirer understand are very helpful. † Introduction Stephen Krashen (University of Southern California) is an expert in the field of linguistics, specializing in theories of language acquisition and development.Much of his recent research has involved the study of non-English and bilingual language acquisition. During the past 20 years, he has published well over 100 books and articles and has been invited to deliver over 300 lectures at universities throughout the United States and Canada. This is a brief description of Krashen's widely known and well accepted theory of second language acquisition, which has had a large impact in all areas of second language research and teaching since the 1980s.The Natural Approach (NA) is a product of Stephen Krashen, an applied linguist at the University of Southern California and Tracy Terrell, a teacher of Spanish in California. Krashen's work on second language acquisition and Terrell's teaching experiences form the bases of the Natural Approach. The principles and practices of this new approach have been published in â€Å"The Natural Approach† (Krashen and Terrell, 1983). The book contains theoretical sections prepared by Krashen and sections on implementation and classroom procedures prepared mostly by Terrell. The most triking proposal of the NA theory is that adults can still acquire second languages and that the ability to ‘pick up' languages does not disappear at puberty. Thus, Krashen's contribution to Chomsky's LAD proposition is that adults follow the same principles of Universal Grammar. The theory behind the NA implies that adults can acquire all but the phonological aspect of any foreign language, by using their ever-active LAD. What makes adults different from children is their abstract problem solving skills that make them consciously process the grammar of a foreign language.Therefore, adults have two paths to follow: Acquisition and learning. However, children have only one: Ac quisition. In their book, Krashen and Terrell refer to their method of picking up ability in another language directly without instruction in its grammar as ‘the traditional approach'. They consider their approach as a traditional one whereas many methodologists consider Grammar Translation Method as the traditional method. For Krashen, even Grammar Translation Method is not as old and traditional as the method of acquiring a language in its natural environment, a method which has been used for hundreds of thousands of years.The term ‘natural' emphasizes that the principles behind the NA are believed to conform to the naturalistic principles found in successful second language acquisition. One may think that the Natural Approach and the Natural Method are similar. The Natural Method (or the Direct Method) and the Natural Approach differ in that the former lays more emphasis on teacher monologues, formal questions and answers, and error correction. Krashen and Terrell not e that â€Å"the Natural Approach is in many ways the natural, direct method ‘rediscovered'[and] it is similar to other communicative approaches being developed today†.The Natural Approach, like TPR, is regarded as a comprehension-based approach because of its emphasis on initial delay(silent period) in the production of language. What is novel is that the NA focuses on exposure to input instead of grammar practice, and on emotional preparedness for acquisition to take place. II. THEORETICAL BASIS OF THE NATURAL APPROACH II. 1. Theory of Language Krashen regards ‘communication' as the main function of language. The focus is on teaching communicative abilities. The superiority of ‘meaning' is emphasized.Krashen and Terrell believe that a language is essentially its lexicon. They stress the importance of vocabulary and view language as a vehicle for ‘communicating meanings' and ‘messages'. According to Krashen, ‘acquisition' can take place on ly when people comprehend messages in the TL. Briefly, the view of language that the Natural Approach presents consists of ‘lexical items', ‘structures' and ‘messages'. The lexicon for both perception and production is considered critical in the organization and interpretation of messages.In Krashen's view, acquisition is the natural assimilation of language rules by using language for communication. This means that linguistic competence is achieved via ‘input' containing structures at the ‘interlanguage + 1' level (i +1); that is, via ‘comprehensible input'. II. 2. Theory of Language Learning (1) The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis Krashen, in his theory of second language acquisition (SLA)suggested that adults have two different ways of developing competence in second languages: Acquisition and learning. â€Å"There are two independent ways of developing ability in second languages. Acquisition' is a subconscious process identical in all import ant ways to the process children utilize in acquiring their first language, †¦ [and] ‘learning' †¦ , [which is] a conscious process that results in ‘knowing about' [the rules of] language† (Krashen 1985:1). The Acquisition-Learning distinction is the most fundamental of all the hypotheses in Krashen's theory and the most widely known among linguists and language practitioners. According to Krashen there are two independent systems of second language performance: ‘the acquired system' and ‘the learned system'.The ‘acquired system' or ‘acquisition' is the product of a subconscious process very similar to the process children undergo when they acquire their first language. It requires meaningful interaction in the target language – natural communication – in which speakers are concentrated not in the form of their utterances, but in the communicative act. The ‘learned system' or ‘learning' is the product of f ormal instruction and it comprises a conscious process which results in conscious knowledge ‘about' the language, for example knowledge of grammar rules.According to Krashen ‘learning' is less important than ‘acquisition'. Krashen believes that the result of learning, learned competence (LC) functions as a monitor or editor. That is, while AC is responsible for our fluent production of sentences, LC makes correction on these sentences either before or after their production. This kind of conscious grammar correction, ‘monitoring', occurs most typically in a grammar exam where the learner has enough time to focus on form and to make use of his conscious knowledge of grammar rules (LC) as an aid to ‘acquired competence'.The way to develop learned competence is fairly easy: analysing the grammar rules consciously and practising them through exercises. But what Acquisition / Learning Distinction Hypothesis predicts is that learning the grammar rules of a fo reign/second language does not result in subconscious acquisition. In other words, what you consciously learn does not necessarily become subconsciously acquired through conscious practice, grammar exercises and the like. Krashen formulates this idea in his well-known statement that â€Å"learning does not became acquisition†.It is at this point where Krashen receives major criticism. (2) The Natural Order Hypothesis According to the hypothesis, the acquisition of grammatical structures proceeds in a predicted progression. Certain grammatical structures or morphemes are acquired before others in first language acquisition and there is a similar natural order in SLA. The average order of acquisition of grammatical morphemes for English as an ‘acquired' language is given below: -Ing——–Aux———Irregular——Regular Past Plural—–>Article—->Past———->3rd Sing.The implication of natura l order is not that second or foreign language teaching materials should be arranged in accordance with this sequence but that acquisition is subconscious and free from conscious intervention (Ellidokuzoglu, 1992). (3) The Input Hypothesis This hypothesis relates to acquisition, not to learning. Krashen claims that people acquire language best by understanding input that is a little beyond their present level of competence. Consequently, Krashen believes that ‘comprehensible input' (that is, i + 1) should be provided. The ‘input' should be relevant and ‘not grammatically sequenced'.The ‘input' should also be in sufficient quantity as Richards pointed out: â€Å".. child acquirers of a first language are provided with samples of ‘caretaker' speech, rough – tuned to their present level of understanding, .. [and] adult acquirers of a second language [should be] provided with simple codes that facilitate second language comprehension. † (Richa rds, J. 1986:133) (4) The Monitor Hypothesis As is mentioned, adult second language learners have two means for internalising the target language. The first is ‘acquisition' which is a subconscious and intuitive process of constructing the system of a language.The second means is a conscious learning process in which learners attend to form, figure out rules and are generally aware of their own process. The ‘monitor' is an aspect of this second process. It edits and make alterations or corrections as they are consciously perceived. Krashen believes that ‘fluency' in second language performance is due to ‘what we have acquired', not ‘what we have learned': Adults should do as much acquiring as possible for the purpose of achieving communicative fluency. Therefore, the monitor should have only a minor role in the process of gaining communicative competence.Similarly, Krashen suggests three conditions for its use: (1) there must be enough time; (2) the foc us must be on form and not on meaning; (3) the learner must know the rule. (5) The Affective Filter Hypothesis The learner's emotional state, according to Krashen, is just like an adjustable filter which freely passes or hinders input necessary to acquisition. In other words, input must be achieved in low-anxiety contexts since acquirers with a low affective filter receive more input and interact with confidence. The filter is ‘affective' because there are some factors which regulate its strength.These factors are self-confidence, motivation and anxiety state. LANGUAGE ACQUISITION   Ã¢â‚¬â€œ   LANGUAGE LEARNING The expression â€Å"language learning† includes two clearly distinct, though rarely understood, concepts. One involves receiving information about the language, transforming it into knowledge through intellectual effort and storing it through memorization. The other involves developing the skill of interacting with foreigners to understand and speak their la nguage. The first concept is called â€Å"language learning,† while the other is referred to as â€Å"language acquisition. These are separate ideas and we will show that neither is the consequence of the other. The distinction between acquisition and learning is one of the hypotheses (the most important) established by the American Stephen Krashen in his highly regarded theory of foreign language learning. LANGUAGE ACQUISITION Language acquisition refers to the process of natural assimilation, involving intuition and subconscious learning, which is the product of real interactions between people where the learner is an active participant.It is similar to the way children learn their native tongue, a process that produces functional skill in the spoken language without theoretical knowledge; develops familiarity with the phonetic characteristics of the language as well as its structure and vocabulary, is responsible for oral understanding, the capability for creative communi cation and for the identification of cultural values. Teaching and learning are viewed as activities that happen in a personal psychological plane.The acquisition approach praises the communicative act and develops self-confidence in the learner. A classic example of language acquisition involves adolescents and young adults who live abroad for a year in an exchange program, attaining near native fluency, while knowing little about the language in the majority of cases. They have a good pronunciation without a notion of phonology, don't know what the perfect tense is, modal or phrasal verbs are, but they intuitively recognize and know how to use all the structures. LANGUAGE LEARNINGThe concept of language learning is linked to the traditional approach to the study of languages and today is still generally practiced in high schools worldwide. Attention is focused on the language in its written form and the objective is for the student to understand the structure and rules of the lang uage through the application of intellect and logical deductive reasoning. The form is of greater importance than communication. Teaching and learning are technical and governed by a formal instructional plan with a predetermined syllabus.One studies the theory in the absence of the practical. One values the correct and represses the incorrect. There is little room for spontaneity. The teacher is an authority figure and the participation of the student is predominantly passive. In the teaching of English, for example, one studies the function of the interrogative and negative modes, irregular verbs, modals, etc. The student learns to construct sentences in the perfect tense, but only learns with difficulty when to use it.It's a progressive and cumulative process, normally tied to a preset syllabus that includes memorization of vocabulary and seeks to transmit to the student knowledge about the language, its functioning and grammatical structure with its irregularities, its contrasts with the student's native language, knowledge that one hopes will become the practical skills of understanding and speaking the language. This effort of accumulating knowledge becomes frustrating because of the lack of familiarity with the language. Innumerable graduates with arts degrees in English are classic examples of language learning.They often are trained and theoretically able to teach a language that they can communicate in only with extreme difficulty. INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ACQUISITION AND LEARNING AND ITS IMPLICATIONS The clear understanding of the differences between acquisition and learning makes it possible to investigate their interrelationships as well as the implications for the teaching of languages. First, we ought to consider that languages, in general, are complex, arbitrary, irregular phenomena, full of ambiguities, in constant random and uncontrollable evolution.Therefore, the grammatical structure of a language can be too complex and abstract to be cate gorized and defined by rules. Even if some partial knowledge of the functioning of the language is reached, it is not easily transformed into communication skills. What happens in fact is a dependency predominantly opposite: to understand the functioning of a language as a system and to understand its irregularities is a function of familiarity with it. Rules and exercises only will make sense when we have already developed solid intuitive control of the language in its oral form, that is, when we have assimilated it.On the other hand, Krashen admits that the knowledge obtained through formal study (language learning) can serve to monitor speaking. Krashen, however, doesn't specify the language that would be the object of study, but he was probably using the study of Spanish as the basis for his inferences and conclusions because it is the dominant foreign language in the United States, and particularly in the state of California, where Professor Krashen lives and works.Therefore, i t is necessary to explore the degrees of irregularity and difficulty of the target language and how that affects Krashen's theory. THE DEGREE OF PHONETIC SIGNALING IN THE LANGUAGE AND THE INEFFICIENCY OF LEARNING: It's also easy to assess the degree of phonetic signalling of languages and understand the importance that that aspect has. If we analyse and compare Spanish and Portuguese with English, we conclude that there is a significant difference, being English considerably more economical and compact than the Romance languages.This means a greater difficulty in achieving oral proficiency in the target language when going from Portuguese or Spanish to English than going the opposite direction. It also means that more time needs to be devoted to the practice of the spoken language (especially listening) and less time spent on the study of text and grammatical items. |Let's-work. (2) |  (5) Va-mos-tra-ba-lhar. | |I-like-be-er. (4) |  (7) Eu-gos-to-de-cer-ve-ja. | |A-brick-house. (3) |  (8) U-ma-ca-sa-de-ti-jo-los. |Help-me-please. (3) |  (7) A-ju-de-me-por-fa-vor. | |How-old-are-you? (4) |  (7) Quan-tos-a-nos-vo-ce-tem? | |Where-is-the-bath-room? (5) |  (8) On-de-fi-ca-o-ba-nhei-ro? | |I-want-cof-fee-with-milk. (6) |  (8) Eu-que-ro-ca-fe-com-lei-te. | |Did-you-watch-that-mo-vie? (6) |(10) Vo-ce-as-sis-tiu-a-que-le-fil-me? |Third-world-coun-tries-are-             |(24) Os-pa-i-ses-do-ter-cei-ro-mun-do- es-tao- | |  fac-ing-e-co-no-mic-pro-blems. (13) |en-fren-tan-do-pro-ble-mas-e-co-no-mi-cos. | |TOTAL: 46 silabas |84 silabas | |35,3% |64,6% | ac-cess   /   a-ces-so |me-thod   /   me-to-do | |a-gri-cul-ture   /   a-gri-cul-tu-ra |mu-sic   /   mu-si-ca | |air-plane   /   a-vi-ao |na-ture   /   na-tu-re-za | |ca-len-dar   /   ca-len-da-rio |o-cean   /   o-ce-a-no | |cho-co-late   /   cho-co-la-te |po-li-tics   /   po-li-ti-ca | |ci-ty   /   ci-da-de |prin-ter   / m-pres-so-ra | |com-pu-te r   /   com-pu-ta-dor |pro-cess   /   pro-ces-so | |cre-a-tive   /   cri-a-ti-vo |pro-ject   /   pro-je-to | |de-part-ment   /   de-par-ta-men-to |psy-cho-lo-gy   /   psi-co-lo-gi-a | |dif-ference   /   di-fe-ren-ca |pu-blic   /   pu-bli-co | |gram-mar   /   gra-ma-ti-ca |qua-li-ty   /   qua-li-da-de | |im-por-tant   /   im-por-tan-te |stu-dent   /   es-tu-dan-te | |in-tel-li-gent   /   in-te-li-gen-te |te-le-phone   /   te-le-fo-ne | |ma-chine   /   ma-qui-na |trans-port   /   trans-por-te | |mo-dern   /   mo-der-no |ur-gent   /   ur-gen-te | WORD STRESSING:The unpredictability of word stressing in English and the absence of any indication of stress from spelling is another element to demonstrate that Krashen's arguments acquire even greater strength. There are many other points of contrast between English and Spanish that show the greater degree of irregularity and difficulty of English. The fact is that e ven with a target language with a large degree of regularity such as Spanish, the contribution of learning will only be effective and durable if the student simultaneously develops familiarity and skill with the language in natural environments. |(stress on the last syllable)   |hotel, control, police, improve, exchange, etc. only two-syllable | | |words) | |(stress on one before the last)   |video, English, important, united, revolution, etc. | |(stress on two before the last)   |excellent, hospital, government, photograph, photographer, etc. | |stress on three before the last |approximately, significantly, intelligible, objectionable, etc. | |double stress |approximation, refrigerator, characteristic, category, necessary, | |   |dictionary, fundamental, introductory, etc. | ———————– [pic]