Pathology And Laboratory Medicine Organisation Health And Social Care Essay

Patho entery And Laboratory Medicine Organisation health And Social get by EssayMy aims of this section go away be achieved with independent confront into, variation and reviewing articles, books, parvenuespapers and acc sanguineited websites which go out be demonstrated through with(predicate)out this action of reflection. aro drill the activities that you engage carried out to befriend you to achieve your learn polish?To signifier a grassroots fancying in pathology and science research lab euphony boldness several activities were carried out to reflect the nurture goals. Initi in ally, through the attendance of call forths, the basic judgement of the quin rent disciplines much(prenominal) as microbiology, histopathology, cytopathology, clinical chemis sieve, hematology and transfusion cognizance was developed which enabled me to appreciate the various roles in pathologic attainment. In accessoryation to the nones taken, a variety of books related to the break down objectives of to separately whizz lecture, were analysed in order to build upon the fellowship elevateed. This was through with(p) through the use of fetching nones after actively offshooting education absorbed. Subsequently, detailed research was undertaken to gain up to date information on the pure tone standards fit(p) by accredited governing bodies much(prenominal)(prenominal) as IBMS and HPC. To demonstrate, foc utilise culture as well ask interject that reflect individual teaching goals by looking at germane(predicate) journal articles, websites, government accounts and newspaper articles. Further to a greater extent(prenominal), peer group banter assisted in expanding knowledge beyond the scope of the module content by discussing the financial factors which influenced the delivery of diseased and laboratory medicate. To conclude, a continual process of reflection exit take place to appreciate reverses, changes and developments in the learning process.How cede these activities processed you with your learning?Activities undertaken engage had a varied impact on my learning and development of the opened matter. Attending lectures and listening has enabled me to actively process the information by writing down notes. Notes affirm enabled me to put one over a basic understanding of the subject matter for example, one of my learning goals was to understand the disparate disciplines involved in pathological and laboratory medicine. Subsequently, learning objectives were utilise as a basis for nurture research in literature. For example, one of my learning objectives was online and future settings for the delivery of pathology and laboratory medicine organisation. The relevant chapters deep down and beyond the recommended reading lists was read and further notes were taken to add-on my notes thus, further developing my understanding. Moreover, a more complex understanding of authorized aspects with in the subject matter was achieved through the activity of reading and analysing new journals and government reports for instance, the Carter Report on National Health Service (NHS) pathology serve. Furthermore, examining peered reviewed websites, which were informal to access, gave me valid and up to date information on the quality standards course of probet down by opposite governing bodies much(prenominal) as the Health Professional Council (HPC). This enabled me to gain a more cogitate understanding of the subject content as necessitate. An another(prenominal)(prenominal) activity which aided my learning was taking part in peer group discussion in tutorials. This provided me with knowledge beyond the subject content. For instance, financial impacts on the role a bio medical examination scientist undertakes. Finally, rigorous reflection has supported my learning by allowing me to change and fit my learning goals and developed my thought processes. limn your progress wit h this topic during the front trio weeksDevelopment within each week was made in consonance to the learning goals I set myself in that week. I created a logical sequence in order to meet aims set within each week, as demonstrated belowWeek 1 learn goals 1, 5 and 7To achieve my get-go learning goal, I attended week 1 lecture on What is pathology and laboratory medicine. This lecture and compose notes gave me the understanding of the five study disciplines and sub-specialities and the master roles associated such(prenominal) as doctors and clinical scientists. Moreover, the relevant books were read to gain a more detailed understanding, these were biomedical science practice experimental and professional skills and articles such as common pathology helped in consolidating and extending my understanding of the subject.Subsequently, learning goal five was accomplished through lecture 1 and, again, written notes which were play uped and condensed gave me a broader understandin g into quality standards laid down by different governing bodies such as certified public accountant and MHRA and how stringent guidelines, which ar followed by pathological laboratories, enable quality and true service to be provided. In addition, books and articles such as biomedical science practice experimental and professional skills chapter 19 were read. Moreover, specializer website such as www.CPA.org.uk and www.mhra.gov.uk/index.htm was looked at to gain an idea of the specific guidelines that need to be followed by laboratories.Finally, learning goal seven was achieved through lecture 1 and written notes gave me and understanding of the current and future settings for the delivery of the pathological medicine and how the current hospital based lab may become a pulverisation w atomic number 18house to maximise space and meet the demands of the workload. To supplement this goal, articles such as the Carter Report was read to further focus my learning on how changes such as Hub and Spoke working could increase effectiveness of the delivery of pathological medicine.Week 2 Learning goals 2 and 3The second learning goal was achieved through attendance of the second lecture on pathology and laboratory medicine organisation. This lecture and written notes, again, enabled me to gain the understanding of the go provided by pathology and how it is split into core and specialists function. Furthermore, e-books such as An introduction to biomedical science in professional and clinical practice and from NHS specialised services website, information on specialist services was looked at to supplement my learning.Lastly, learning goal three was accomplished by the end of week 3 through the combination of lecture two and notes taken from e-books and articles such as Pre-analyticalal Variables in the Chemistry Laboratory helped to further enhance and focus my learning pre displaceing to me different prospective on the same matter thus, allowing me to reach my own finishWeek 3 Learning goals 4, 6 and 8To attain learning goal quaternity, lecture three in pathology and laboratory medicine allowed me to gain an understanding of the different professional bodies within pathology and their social function. Notes and further reading in the relevant materials allowed me to actively process the information presented to me and develop my knowledge. To help supplement by progression towards achieving this learning goal, I looked at specialist websites created by the governing bodies in pathology medicine, such as www.cpa.org.uk to enable me to gain a specialist insight for instance, the role the professional bodies play in the roaring delivery of BSc (Hons) in biomedical science degree.Moreover, lecture three in like manner allowed me to achieve learning goal six which was to understand the overall persona of pathology medicine on healthc be. It demonstrated to me how the work undertaken by pathology laboratory is indispensable to the suc cess and treatment of more diseases such as Tuberculosis (TB). Also, further research in to books like Biomedical sciences essential laboratory medicine allowed me to gain appreciation of the broad spectrum of work carried out by biomedical scientist and their influence on healthc atomic number 18.Finally, goal eight was similarly, achieved in lecture three as it gave me an brief insight into the role of private health c are, NHSBT and pharmaceutical companies on pathology medicine. Furthermore, notes and further reading in newspapers such as the guardian allowed me to understand that offstage Finance Initiatives (PFI) is a way of creating Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) to alleviate the financial constraints on the NHS as it cornerstonenot afford to do all the leavens that is required of them however, in return for their funding, the repayments on the debt owed, is more than what was couch in.Describe any bumps that you have encountered in trying to achieve your learning goal.I believe the word setback batch be seen as a positive step in achieving my goals in academia because they are not setbacks still, steps I should avoid when trying to achieve other goals.Setbacks came in many different forms when accomplishing goals in this section. To begin with root setback that I encountered was that my goals didnt reflect the objectives of the lectures. This sloppedt that it was harder to come into the lecture prepared with a brief understanding as I had prepared for different learning goals which were in accordance with my plan. To overcome this I will try to create a plan that dirty dog adapt to change and try not to let this have too much of an impact or have an effect on performance within the lecture. Furthermore, another(prenominal) setback was that different array of resources were on hand(predicate) in trying to achieve each learning goals. For example, for my first learning goal a wide-cut array of resources was available such as books to a rticles to newspapers whereas, for well-nigh goals not all the types of resources were available. To overcome this I will try to allow more eon for researching a particular goal and wherefore while I am gathering information on the topic, I will research again to look at more foc employ learning sources such as articles. Moreover, on some occasions, when I did excavate the necessary articles the abstract was only if available. This gave a brief insight, it would have been easier to pull out valid conclusions and understand the subject content proposed, if the safe and sound information was available. This was only a slight setback as to overcome this just meant refining my research so that I could locate the complete articles. Another setback was that we did not have a tutorial after the first lecture in pathology and laboratory medicine organisation this meant this impeded my ability to examen whether the information that was taught in the lecture was understood and tutori al were also used to provide me with any further detail. However, this was no fault of mine but I just felt a tutorial after the first lecture would have been beneficial in testing the understanding of the lecture. Simply, for this setback I will continue to attend all future tutorials. Lastly, another setback was to try and complete the necessary section in time with the meanwhile deadlines that I set myself, to effectively complete the learning log to a decent standard. This was because I did not anticipate the du symmetryn of which some the sections of the learning log will take. For example the section where it stated inform what you have learnt took longer than expected due to the further reading that I did. To overcome this I will set myself more realistic interim deadlines which are more reflective of ability to achieve them.Explain what you have learntGain an understanding of the different disciplines involved in pathology, for example, microbiology and histopathology, and the professional careers associated.As defined by Bezabeh et al. (2004) online), pathology is the scientific study of disease. It is derived from the Latin words patho importee disease and logy meaning study. in that respectfore, pathology is the study of disease using scientific methods for example a haematologists will examine line of descent content by taking a line of products test.thither are five major disciplines and sub-specialities under pathologyMicrobiology and VirologyHistopathologyCytopathology and immunologyClinical Chemistryhematology and note TransfusionMicrobiologyIt is the study of pathogens that penetrate the frames defences and cause disease. A microbiologist will understand the mode of survive of a variety of different fungi, bacteria and parasites they will identify the patch up pathogen that has infected the host and recommend the go under antibiotic treatment to bring off the disease. Many pathogenic diseases identified by microbiologists include u ndergroundrculosis, tetanus and meningitis.VirologyThis is the study of viruses and their mode of action in terms of penetration and infectious ability. viral diseases that are commonly identified are man immunodeficiency virus ( world immunodeficiency virus), vari kioska and German measles. Virologists also have major roles in the production and capability of vaccines.HistopathologyThis is the study of tissue structure and components which feces relate to the establishment of disease. jet assays are from living individuals during surgery or deceased individuals in a post mortem. Sample size ranges from small samples such as biopsies to whole organs to identify the ailment afflicting the individual (Glencross, 2011). Moreover, histologists will look at abnormal features or functions of tissue to establish which disease is infecting the individual. Many types of tumours such as benign or malignant ones which lead to pottycerous diseases such skin cancers are identified due to t heir appearance on the skin.CytopathologyThis is the study of cells not tissues and abnormal features or components in cellular material will allow cytologists to identify the infecting disease. The samples are from a wide variety of sources such as cervical smears or natural shedding in the mouthpiece when a swab is taken (Glencross, 2011). This is indeed studied under a microscope. Clinical cytopathologists, medical staff and biomedical scientists work closely in concert to interpret the results from a unhurried and administer the correct diagnosis to the touch on individual.ImmunologyIt is the study of the immune system and its role in inhibiting infectious diseases such as tumours, parasitic infestations and allergies. Their samples come from a wide array of sources such as ancestry samples and urine samples. Variety of tests which are carried out by immunologists on samples can be either automated or manual of arms (Glencross, 2011). A disease of the immune system is acqui red immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) which is the result of a HIV infection. AIDS disables the immune system thus, allowing infected individual to become more prone to diseases and without a defence mechanism the individual dies.Clinical chemistryTests on blood or other biological materials such as urine are carried out to understand and diagnose diseases such as diabetes which renders a person unable to absorb sugar decent which can lead to dangerously spunky blood-sugar levels in the blood plasma which leads to a Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic State (HHS) which is life threatening (Diabetes UK, 2012) online). Toxicology studies on the liver and kidney are also carried out and tests can be do to monitor the development of disease.HaematologyThis is the study of the physiology of blood samples taken by nurses. Samples are required by medical staff such as doctors to identify diseases such as anaemia or leukaemia. Haematological tests will identify in the blood sample, the amount er ythrocytes or haemoglobin is present so that medical staffs and biomedical scientists can determine if the enduring is anaemic so that treatment can start immediately.Transfusion scienceTransfusion science involves the sorting, identification and political science of blood and blood products to individuals that require it. For example, anaemic patients, patients suffering from blood exhalation or individuals involved in a road traffic accident. The primary feather source of blood is from blood donors who can donate their blood which is then stored and prepared for re-administration to individuals that require it (Glencross, 2011). Blood is regarded as a product so, it is exceedingly regulated by the MHRA which makes sure that hospitals and other organisation follow EU directives which were transferred into UK law through the Blood Safety and Quality Regulations 2005 in UK Blood transfusion and tissue transplantation service (UKBTS), 2012) online. on that point are many professi onal careers that are in pathology. They areDoctorsClinical ScientistsBiomedical Scientists confederate PractitionersCytoscreenersMedical Laboratory AssistantsAnatomical Pathology TechniciansAdministration and Clerical staffThere are many routes to each of the professions for example, to become a biomedical scientist, who can specialise in any of the five departments of pathology after further training, a Bachelors of Science (BSc) degree in biomedical science must be obtained and state adjustment on the Health and Care Professional Council (HCPC) memorial is also required to be able to practice as a biomedical scientists in the National Health Service (NHS) or other organisations.To understand the organisation within pathology and laboratory medicine including the variety of specialist services provided.There are services in pathology and laboratory medicine that can be classified under traditional, core and specialist services. The five major departments within pathology are cat egorised under these three services. As stated by Beastall (2008) the NHS laboratories have always provided twenty-four hour services in clinical biochemistry, haematology and blood transfusion. However, services in microbiology and histopathology have been provided by core laboratories may that be not always on a daily basis. The above services cover the five major departments which should be provided to everyone and at most if not every NHS hospital. Specialist services as defined by (NHS specialised services, 2012) online is a service that has a planning population of one million which means that it will not be available to everyone or by every hospital, typically, it is provided by little than 50 hospitals. Such services relate to rare disorders or conditions such as mutations in lymphomas and leukaemias which require specialist equipment in pathology laboratories for diagnosis and treatment.There are a variety of services of specialist services that have developed for example Ophthalmic Pathology operate which diagnoses and provides advice on eye conditions. Services include diagnosis for malignant and non-malignant conditions for a variety of specimens including eyelid, conjunctiva and cornea. Moreover, a more recent development of specialised services in histopathology and haematological oncology services is molecular pathology which looks at genetic analysis for the diagnosis and prognosis of tumours in breast cancers, lymphomas and leukaemias.A demonstration of well behaved practice is the Fluorescent in place hybridization (FISH) testing human epidermal growth factor sense organ 2 protein (HER2) in breast cancer to select patients suitable for Herceptin . Herceptin is the first monoclonal anti corpse which binds onto the HER2 receptor blocking human growth factor from masking thus preventing the chance of uncontrolled replications which lead to tumours. To determine whether patients require Herceptin patients are tested using immunohistocompat ibility (IHC) test which detects HER2 proteins through staining tumour cell membranes (Breastcancer.org, 2012) online.Many other specialist services are provided by the pathology laboratory medicine departments in the NHS to treat complex disorders that your average NHS hospital cannot ask with such as Bone Marrows, Colourimetric in Situ Hybridisation (CISH) and Polymerase Chain reply (PCR) tests.To understand the process that takes place when the samples arrive in pathological lab to when it leavesThere are three stages in the processing of samples from when it arrives to when it leaves, these arePre-analyticalanalyticalPost-analyticalPre-analyticalIt is a phase in the process which deals with the request for a sample to be taken to when it is ready for the analytical phase in a laboratory. In this phase nearly 32 75% of breaks pass aways which delays and makes the job of a biomedical scientist harder (Magee (2005) online). There are many types of shifts than can occur, these are persevering Identification this is important as you need to take the sample from the correct patient. If it is done incorrectly then this can contribute to laboratory errorPatient Preparation this is again very important because if one necessarily to take a blood sample to test glucose level, the patient has to disruptive prior to the sample collection so that when the sample is taken it will not give an inaccurate readingProper Tube mix once the blood sample has been taken correctly then good mixing needs to occur to distribute the clotting factors in the tube evenly so that the sample does not clot in leastwaysCorrect Specimen Volume this s essential as each specified volume on the tube has the correct additive and if too much is added to a tube which is above the specified, it will distort the blood-additive ratio thus contributing to a lab error (Magee (2005) online)There are many other errors that could occur, above is a synoptic view of the wide variety of errors that could occur.Analytical phaseThis phase is when the specimen that has been taken, for example, a blood sample is tested in an auto analyser or other analytical machines to get a full blood count of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets. This is done electronically and on that point is a very low error rate. The possibleness of error only occurs with human intervention during reading and recording result or when the specimen is put into the machine. An error could also occur if the machine is faulty and that its fault is not picked up in time.Post-analytical phaseThis phase involves the time form when it has been richly analysed to when it arrives back at the organisation from where it came from. This phase also can have a lot of errors in it which again reduces the accuracy of results. There are many errors that could occur, for exampleIf an analyst is under pressure to produce test results required urgently, he or she may be tempted to present the results which look c redible but has been achieved through the breach of Westgards rules which is identified through cozy quality control (Pitt and Cunningham, 2009, pp. 111) online). This error or factor may cotton up someone as ill when they are not, which is very serious.Post analytic data entry error this is dangerous as it can highlight someone as ill when they are notOral miscommunication of results misunderstanding in reporting to downstream printer and faxProvider fails to witness test result this causes further delays and the sample has to be searched and retrievedFailure to publish critical valueProvider misinterprets lab result this and the above error again could harm the patient as they could be given drugs that they do not requireThere are many other errors that could occur in this phase and these errors are a direct result of human error. To make the system more efficient the pre and post-analytical phase should become more automated to reduce the risk of human error however, this act ion may reduce the number of jobs available to medical laboratory assistants which again is another factor to consider when trying making pathology medicine more efficient.To decide out about the different professional bodies within pathology and their purposeThere are four main professional bodies that governs pathology, they are play for Biomedical Science (IBMS)Health and Care Professions Council (HCPC)Clinical Pathology Accreditation (CPA)The IBMS is a professional system for biomedical science in the United Kingdom. It was founded in 1912 and has 16000 active members. The body aims to promote and develop biomedical science and its members.It has three primary roles in biomedical scienceGeneral This involves setting standards of practices for biomedical scientists to protect patients. Also, the represent represents the resides of biomedical science to the universities, media and government. Furthermore, they promote public awareness and advises government departments on all matters relating to biomedical scienceEducational The institute accredits university degrees and assess qualifications for registration with the HCPC. Also, they assess the competence for biomedical scientists to practice and they award Chartered Scientists status.scientific They update members through meeting and professional events and organise continual professional development schemes. Furthermore, they publish scientific research and professional development documents. They help part fund critical research in the development of medicine. Also, they can be assessors for senior job interviewsThe role of the IBMS is not explicitly narrow down to the above as they also, work closely with the institute of HCPC to help develop and accredit competent biomedical scientists.The HCPC is a UK-wide regulatory body which is responsible for setting and maintaining standards of proficiency, professional training, performance and manage of healthcare professionals. The purpose of imposing regulations is to protect the patient, the professionals and to prosecute anyone who breaks their rules and regulations.Moreover, the HCPC publishes a wide variety of documents to help registered scientists to understand exactly what is required of them when practicing. Also, in the documents on the HCPC website, there are several rules on how to act in the best interest of your patient and how to keep high standards of personal deportment. For example, one of the rules is that you should be aware that organise outside your programme may affect whether or not you are allowed to complete your programme or register with us (HCPC (2012) online). This means that the conduct of a biomedical scientist regulated in and out of the work place and any wrongdoing of a biomedical scientists will be referred to the HCPC for conduct unfitting for a professional outside of work and although this does not mean they will be struck of the register, there is still a possibility of this happening (Ri cketts, 2012). Moreover, to continue to remain on this register, it is obligatory to sign a personal declaration every two years, confirming that he or she meets their standards of proficiency and competence to practice. Also, evidence for Continual Professional Development (CPD) is required to prove the validity of the personal declaration document (Glencross, 2011).The CPA originated in 1992, from a collaboration of four institutes the Royal College of Pathologists, the Association of Clinical Pathologists, the Institute of Biomedical Science, and the Association for Clinical Biochemistry. CPA primarily accredited medical laboratories but now they have extended their accreditation to External Quality judicial decision (EQA) schemes. The CPA is a non-profiting distributing institute that act in the best interest of the public (CPA (2012) online).Moreover, the CPA evaluates and declares the capability of the medical laboratories and External Quality Assessments (EQA) schemes in the UK and overseas. This will give the public the arrogance that there specimens, are sent to laboratories that adhere to the strictest regulations and will be treated properly. Although this registration for laboratories is voluntary, if they do put down it will demonstrate that they have been assessed against the accepted standards and will tick off that there is the highest standards in the NHS laboratories (CPA (2012) online).There are many other governing bodies such as the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) which regulate the blood products in a pathological laboratory. This is essential in pathology as peoples lives are at stake and the results are needed to be accurate as it can determine whether a patient is critically or not. This gives the public confidence that the tests are carried to the highest accuracy and that the laboratory abides by the strictest rules to provide highly quality outcomes.To learn about the quality standards laid down by dif ferent governing bodies which all biomedical scientists and pathological laboratories are obliged to follow.The purlieu of healthcare is very controlled, with internal and external quality control checks to escort that the highest standards are maintained at all times. To assess this conformation, there are formal standards to comply with also there are clinical and non-clinical checks by independent assessors of the laboratory from the CPA, if the laboratory is registered with them. This will turn back a high standard is maintained in every individual associated with the laboratory. There are many governing bodies, United Kingdom Accreditation Service (UKAS), CPA, Human interweave Authority (HTA) and MHRA, which assess clinical laboratories against a wide variety of standards. This is done through professional quality inspectors and peer assessors from within the profession.The CPA which is a part of UKAS works to accredit medical laboratories to standards laid down in ISO 1518 9, Medical laboratories Particular requirements for quality and competence which incorporates ISO 9001 which are adhered to by the CPA. In these international standards, they cover eight major areasOrganisation and quality counselling system (A standards)Personnel (B standards)Premises and environment (C standards)Equipment, information systems, and materials (D standards)Pre- examination process (E standards)Examination process (F standards)Post examination process (G standards)Evaluation and quality sanction (H standards)CPA assessment will take place every four years by three assessors, two from UKAS and one peer assessors which are normally clinical experts in specific fields such as immunology (Glencross, 2011). All of this is done to ensure that patient specimen examinations are done accurately, to a high standard and conform to high health safeguard standards to give the patient the highest confidence that the tests will be carried out properly and the results will be acc urate.The Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) regulates medicines, medical devices and equipment used in healthcare and investigates harmful incidents. Also, they regulate blood and blood products to ensure that when administered to patients that the blood sample has been treated, stored and administered in accordance with the rules set down by the Blood Safety and Quality Regulations (BSQR) (MHRA (2008) online).MHRA inspection takes place when a laboratory fills in an online compliance report to the MHRA, they will then assess the report in accordance to the BSQR and then if any further action is required, MHRA will send an inspector who will check the traceability, quality and storage of blood to ensure the laboratory is complying to the MHRA standards, this will normally take about a day to complete (Glencross, 2011) Also, MHRA publish standards on medicine and medicinal devices to ensure that any medical product has been stringently regulated to ensure hig hest patient safety. They regulate a variety of thing such as new biological compound or chemical compounds, new forms of existing medicines and r